Carbohydrate IR Spectra

IR Spectra for Carbohydrates

Table: IR Spectra of Sucrose, Glucose, and Fructose.

Rows per page:

Material	Wavenumber (cm⁻¹)	Assignment	Annotations	Ref
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1011	νas (COC) ν (CC) ν (CO) β (CCH)	IR	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1017	νas (COC) ν (CC) ν (CO) β (CCH)	RS	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1041	νas (COC) ν (CC) ν (CO) β (CCH)	IR	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1044	νas (COC) ν (CC) ν (CO) β (CCH)	RS	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1082	νas (COC) ν (CC) ν (CO) β (CCH)	RS	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1086	νas (COC) ν (CC) ν (CO) β (CCH)	IR	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1111	νas (COC) ν (CC) ν (CO) β (CCH)	IR	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1115	νas (COC) ν (CC) ν (CO) β (CCH)	RS	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1147	ν (CO) ν (CC) β (COH)	IR	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1148	ν (CO) ν (CC) β (COH)	RS	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1196	ν (CO) ν (CC)	RS	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1234	τ (CH2)	IR	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1235	τ (CH2)	RS	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1256	τ (CH2)	IR	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1257	τ (CH2)	RS	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1277	τ (CH2)	IR	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1279	τ (CH2)	RS	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1298	τ (CH2)	RS	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1300	τ (CH2)	IR	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1343	ω (CH2)	IR	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1348	ω (CH2)	RS	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1379	ω (CH2)	RS	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1387	ω (CH2)	IR	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1412	None	IR	R4
2-deoxy-D-ribose	1443	δ (CH2)	RS	R4

NOMENCLATURE:

IR: Experimental IR frequencies
Note: The water bands are identified by H2O; the other bands are those of sucrose.
Abbreviations: fru, D-fructosyl moiety; glu, D-glucosyl moiety; δ, deformation; ν, stretch; τ, torsion; ω, wag; endo, endocyclic; exo, exocyclic; s, strong; d, double; m, medium; sh, shoulder; w, weak. Annotations: The following symbols are used: S, strong; M, medium; W, weak; Sh, shoulder; Br, broad; V, very; d, doublet

References:

R1: Kodad H., Mokhlisse R., Davin E., Mille G. Etude IRTF Par Reflexion Totale Attenuee (ATR) De Sucres en Solution Aqueuse. Can. J. Appl. Spectrosc. 1994;39:107–112.

R2: Max, J.-J., & Chapados, C. (2001). Sucrose Hydrates in Aqueous Solution by IR Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 105(47), 10681–10688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp012809j

R3: Max, J.-J., & Chapados, C. (2007). Glucose and Fructose Hydrates in Aqueous Solution by IR Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 111(14), 2679–2689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp066882r

R4: Wiercigroch, E., Szafraniec, E., Czamara, K., Pacia, M. Z., Majzner, K., Kochan, K., Kaczor, A., Baranska, M., & Malek, K. (2017). Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates: A review. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 185, 317–335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.045

Table: Group-Frequency IR Spectra Data (Carbohydrate Functional Groups)

ID	Wavenumber (cm^-1)	Group	Annotations (Intensity)	Types of Vibration	Assignments (Remarks)
1	4505-4200	C—H	w	str.	aliphatic (combination)
2	4255-4000	C—H	w	str.	aromatic (combination)
3	3650-3500	O—H	var	str.	free OH oxime
4	3640-3623	O—H	m(sharp)	str.	free OH alcohols
5	3600-3100	O—H	m	str.	water of crystallization
6	3590-3425	O—H	var(sharp)	str.	intramolec. bonded OH
7	3550-3500	O—H	m	str.	free OH carboxylic acid (v. dil. soln.)
8	3550-3450	O—H	var(sharp)	str.	intermolec. bonded OH (dimeric)
9	3550-3165	C=O	w	str.	carbonyl (first overtone)
10	~3520	N—H	s	str.	primary amide (free)
11	~3500	N—H	m	str. (asym.)	primary amine free NH (dil. soln.)
12	3500-3300	N—H	m	str.	secondary amine free NH
13	3500-3060	N—H	m	str.	associated NH amine or amide
14	~3400	N—H	s	str.	primary amide (free)
15	~3400	N—H	m	str. (sym.)	primary amine free NH (dil. soln.)
16	3400-3225	O—H	s(broad)	str.	intermolec. bonded OH (polymeric)
17	~3380	NH3+	m	str.	amine salt (soln.)
18	3355-3145	NH3+	m	str.	amine salt (solid) several bands
19	~3350	N—H	m	str.	primary amide (bonded)
20	~3300	C—H	s	str.	≡C—H acetylenes
21	3300-2500	O—H	w(v broad)	str.	H-bonded carboxylic acid dimers
22	~3280	NH3+	m	str.	amine salt (soln.)
23	~3175	N—H	m	str.	primary amide (bonded)
24	3155-3050	C—H	w	str.	—CH=CH—O— and —CH=C—O—
25	3095-3075	C—H	m	str.	RCH=CH2 olefin
26	3075-3030	C—H	w-m	str.	C—H of aromatic ring
27	3050-2995	C—H	w	str.	C—H of aromatic ring of epoxide (shifts to 3040-3030 if ring strain increases)
28	3040-3010	C—H	s	s m	>CH2;RCH=CH2; RCH=CHR' (cis or trans); RCR'=CHR'; olefin
29	~2960	C—H	s	str. (asym.)	C-methyl
30	~2925	C—H	s	str. (asym.)	>CH2 methylene Ar—CH3
31	2900-2880	C—H	w	str.	C—H methine
32	2900-2705	C—H	w	str.	—C(=O)H aldehyde (two)
33	2900-2300	N—H	w	str.	quaternary amine salt bonded (several)
34	~2875	C—H	s	str. (sym.)	C-methyl
35	~2850	C—H	s	str. (sym.)	>CH2 methylene
36	2835-2815	C—H	s	str.	O-methyl
37	~2825	C—H	m	str.	—CH—(OCH2—)2 alkyl acetal
38	~2780	C—H	w(broad)	str.	—O—CH2—O— phosphoric ester H-bonded
39	2705-2300	NH2+ NH+	s	str.	(may be several bands)
40	~2680	S—H	w	str.	thiol free
41	~2400	S—H	w	str.	thiol H-bonded
42	~2270	C≡N	vs	asym. str.	isocyanate
43	2260-2210	C≡C	w	str.	RC≡CR'
44	2234-2215	C≡N	var	str.	unsatd. conj. nitrile
45	2200-2050	C≡S	vs	asym. str.	—N—C≡S isothiocyanate (2 or more bands)
46	2200-2000	—	s	—	cyanide thiocyanate cyanate
47	2180-2120	C≡N	—	str.	R—N≡C
48	2160-2120	N≡N	s	str.	azide
49	2140-2100	C≡C	w	str.	RC≡C—H
50	~1810	C=O	s	str.	—COCl aliphatic acid chloride
51	1780-1740	C=O	s	str.	—O—(C=O)—O— carbonate
52	~1770	C=O	s	str.	γ-lactone
53	1745-1735	C=O	s	str.	satd. esters
54	~1740	C=O	s	str.	δ-lactone
55	~1727	C=O	s	str.	—C(=O)H aldehyde
56	1725-1705	C=O	s	str.	ketone
57	~1720	C=O	s	str.	benzoic ester
58	1720-1700	C=O	s	str.	—COOH
59	1700-1670	C=O	s	str.	—CONHR secondary amide free (dil. soln.): Amide I
60	1690-1670	C=O	s	str.	—CONH2 primary amide free (dil. soln.): Amide I
61	1680-1630	C=O	s	str.	secondary amide (solid)
62	1680-1620	C=C	var	str.	nonconjugated C=C
63	~1678	C=C	—	—	trans olefin
64	~1675	C=S	s	str.	thioester
65	~1675	C=O	s	str.	thioester
66	~1670	C=N	w	str.	aliphatic oxime
67	1670-1620	C=O	s	str.	primary amide (solid) H-bonded 2 bands: Amide I
68	1662-1652	C=C	—	—	cis olefin
69	1658-1648	C=C	—	—	terminal olefin
70	1650-1620	N—H	s	def.	primary amide (solid): Amide II
71	1650-1600	NO2	s	asym. str.	—O—NO2 nitrate
72	1650-1588	N—H	m-s	def.	NH2
73	1650-1550	N—H	w	def.	NHR
74	1648-1638	C=C	—	—	terminal olefin
75	~1625	C=C	s	str.	Ph-conjugated C=C
76	1625-1585	C=C	m	skeletal in-plane	aromatic C=C
77	1620-1500	N—H	s	def.	primary amide (dil. soln.)
78	1620-1560	NH2+	m-s	def.	—
79	1610-1540	C—O	vs	asym. str.	—COO- carboxylate
80	~1600	C=C	s	str.	CO or C=C conjugated with C=C
81	~1585	NH3+	m	asym. def.	amine salt
82	1580-1520	C=N (plus C=C)	m	—	pyrimidines
83	1570-1515	N—H	s	def.	secondary amide (solid): Amide II
84	1550-1510	N—H	s	def.	secondary amide (dil. soln.)
85	~1500	C=C	var	skeletal in-plane	aromatic C=C
86	1500-1470	C=S	s	str.	—N—C=S
87	1500-1300	NH3+	m	sym. def.	amine salt
88	~1468	C—H	s	scissoring	alkane —CH2
89	~1460	C—H	m	bend (asym.)	—CH3
90	1460-1400	C—O	s	sym. str.	—COO- carboxylate
91	~1455	C—H	s	scissoring	alicyclic —CH2—
92	1450-1400	C≡N	w	str.	azo
93	1440-1395	C—O	w	str. (plus OH def.)	carboxylic acid
94	1440-1400	S=O	s	str.	RSO2R' sulfonic ester
95	1440-1325	C—O	m	—	aliphatic aldehyde
96	1420-1406	C—H	w	in-plane bend	C≡C—H
97	1420-1330	S=O	s	str.	ROSO2R' sulfonic ester
98	1418-1400	C—N	m	str.	primary amine
99	~1400	C—N	w	str.	aliphatic amine
100	1390-1360	C—H	m	bend (sym.)	gem-dimethyl
101	1385-1375	C—H	m	bend (sym.)	—CH3
102	1370-1350	C—O	—	str.	lactone
103	~1360	C—H	s	bend	acetone C—H
104	1340-1280	S=O	w	sym. str.	RSO2R' sulfone
105	1340-1180	C—N	s	str.	azide
106	1320-1210	C—O	s	str.	carboxylic acid
107	1310-1250	C—O	s	str.	benzoic ester phthalic ester
108	1300-1200	N—H	m	def.	secondary amide
109	1300-1250	SO2	s	sym. str.	sulfonamide
110	1304-1270	P=O	s	str.	phos. acid >P—H and P=O
111	1270-1150	C—O	s	str.	—(O≡)C—O—R in carboxylic esters
112	1256-1232	C—O	s	str.	CH3COOR acetic ester
113	~1250	C—O	—	str.	methyl ester
114	~1250	C—O	—	str.	>C=O
115	~1250	Si—CH3	vs	sym. CH3 def.	Si(CH3)3 trimethylsilyl
116	1250-1150	P=O	vs	str.	phosphoric ester H-bonded P=O
117	1235-1212	C—S	s	str.	(RO)2C=S thioketone
118	1230-1150	S=O	s	str.	(RO)2SO2 sulfuric ester
119	1190-1170	C—H	w	in-plane bend	p-substituted phenyl
120	1125-1090 1110-1060	—	—	(two)	—
121	1220-1120	C—N	m	str.	aliphatic amine
122	1200-1145	S=O	s	str.	OSO2R sulfonic ester
123	1200-1040	C—O	—	str.	R—O—C—O cyclic acetal (4≥ x ≥ 6)
124	1200-1170	C—O	s	str.	propionic and higher esters
125	1200-1000	C—OH	s	str.	alcohols
126	1185-1175	C—O	s	str.	formic ester
127	1175-1165 and 1110-1140	C—H	s	skeletal	(CH2)nC≡ isopropyl
128	1175-1125 1110-1070	C—H	w	in-plane bend	unsubstituted phenyl
129	1070-1000	—	—	—	—
130	1150-1100	S—O	s	asym. str.	R2SO2 sulfone
131	1150-1070	C—O—C	s	asym. str.	benzoic ester phthalic ester
132	1150-1070	C—O—C	s	asym. str.	aliphatic ether
133	~1120	C—S	s	str.	—NH—C(=S)— thioamide
134	1110-1000	P—S	s	str.	monothioro derivs.
135	1090-1030	P—O—C	vs	str.	phosphoric ester
136	1060-1040	S=O	s	str.	R2SO dimethylsulfoxyl
137	1058-1053	C—S	s	str.	(RS)2C=S trithiocarbonate
138	1050-1020	S=O	s	str.	>S=O sulfoxide
139	~1040	C—O	s	str.	methylene acetal
140	1005-990 and 910-905	C—H	vs	bend	C—C—CH2
141	905-985 and 910-905	C—H	—	out-of-plane bend	RCH=CH2
142	980-965	C—H	—	out-of-plane bend	trans RHC=CHR'
143	975-950	P—O—P	broad	—	pyrophosphate
144	965-960 and 909-940	C—H	s	bend	vinyl ether
145	960-930	N—O	—	str.	oxime
146	950-810	C—O	—	str.	epoxide
147	~948	C—H	s	bend	vinyl ester
148	~925	C—O	—	str.	methylene acetal
149	895-885	C—H	—	out-of-plane bend	RR'C=CH2
150	~840	Si—CH3	vs	str.	Si(CH3)3 trimethylsilyl
151	840-790	C—H	—	out-of-plane bend	RR'C=CHR''
152	840-790	C—H	m	skeletal	(CH3)2C< isopropyl
153	840-750	C—O	—	str.	epoxide
154	833-810	C—H	vs	out-of-plane bend	p-substituted phenyl
155	~800	NH3+	w	rocking	amine salt
156	~800	NH3+	w	rocking	—
157	770-730	C—H	s	out-of-plane bend	unsubstituted phenyl
158	710-690	—	—	—	—
159	~755	Si—CH3	vs	str.	Si(CH3)2 trimethylsilyl
160	750-700	C—Cl	s	str.	monochloro derivs.
161	~720	N—H	m(broad)	def.	secondary amide bonded: Amide V
162	705-570	C—S	w	str.	thiol sulfide
163	~690	C—H	—	out-of-plane bend	cis RHC=CHR'
164	~650	C—Br	s	str.	bromo derivs.
165	600-480	C—I	s	str.	iodo derivs.
166	550-450	S—S	vw	str.	disulfide

NOMENCLATURE:

IR: Experimental IR frequencies
Note: Characteristic infrared bands shown by various groups.
Abbreviations: s, strong; d, double; m, medium; w, weak; v, very; var, variable.
asym., asymmetrical; def., deformation; str., stretching; sym., symmetrical.

References:

Tipson, R. (1968), Infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates ::a review of the literature, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, DOI: https://doi.org/10.6028/NBS.MONO.110

Table 1: Comparisons between both experimental and BLYP calculated Infrared frequencies in cm^-1 for both α- D-Glucose and β-D-Fructose as well as α- D-Glucose and β-D-Fructose monohydrates.

D-Glucose				D-Fructose
IR	α-D	β-D-M	Assignment	IR	α-D	β-D-M	Assignment
3410	3418	3146	ν OH	3393	3428	3513	ν OH
3393	3408	3123	ν OH	2933	2975	2957	ν_s CH of C2
2944	2963	3099	ν_s CH of C2	2899	2923	2925	ν_as CH of C1
2913	2939	3085	ν_as CH of C1	1637	1634	1665	δOH
1460	1441	1465	δCH₂ + δOH + δCCH	1402	1392	1417	δOCH + δ COH + δ CCH
1382	1352	1390	δOCH + δ COH + δ CCH	1340	1330	1338	Δ CCH + δ OCH
1340	1330	1320	δ CCH + δ OCH	1265	1276	1292	δCH + δOH in plane, δ CCO
1244	1218	1278	δCH + δOH in plane	1203	1220	1232	δCH + δOH in plane
1149	1137	1205	ν CO + ν CC	1149	1148	1166	ν CO + νCC + δ CCO
1111	1116	1162	ν CO	1057	1082	1059	νCO
1050	1088	1082	ν CO + ν CC	977	990	990	νCO + δCCO
995	944	1032	ν CO + ν CC	873	856	908	δCH + νCC + δCCH
915	900	993	ν CO + ν CCH + ν_as ring of pyranose	818	816	884	δCCO + δCCH
837	834	909	δCH	780	784	828	δCCO + δ CCH
622	619	694	δ CCO + δ CCH CH₂	648	624	658	CH₂ + CH

NOMENCLATURE:

IR: Experimental frequencies
α-D: α -D-anomer
β-DM: β -D-anomer monohydrate

NOTE:

Reference: Ibrahim, M. A., Allam, M., El-Haes, H., Jalbout, A. F., & De Leon, A. (2006). Analysis of the structure and vibrational spectra of glucose and fructose. Ecletica Quimica, 31(3), 15–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v31.3.2006.p15-21

Table 2: FTIR Spectra of Lauric Acid, Dextran, and Dextran-g-Lauric Acid.

Peak (cm⁻¹)	Functional Group	Lauric Acid	Unmodified Dextran	Dextran (Mw 6k, 24h)	Dextran (Mw 6k, 48h)	Dextran (Mw 40k, 24h)
3365	–OH Stretching	✓	✓
2931	–CH Stretching	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
2851	–CH Stretching	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
1721	C=O Stretching			✓
1700	C=O Stretching	✓
1648	C=O Stretching				✓	✓

NOMENCLATURE:

✓: Peaks are present and identified
–: Absent
Mw: Molecular weight

NOTE:

Reference: Su, C.-M., Lin, C., Huang, C.-Y., Yeh, J.-C., Tsai, T.-Y., Ger, T. R., Wang, M.-C., & Lou, S.-L. (2017). Dextran-g-lauric acid as IKK complex inhibitor carrier. RSC Advances, 7(89), 56247–56255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04544a

Table 3: Relocation of Key Maize Starch FTIR Bands After Treatment with Aqueous Na Silicate Solutions.

Native Starch (cm⁻¹)	Starch at Water/Na Silicate Ratio 80 mL/g (cm⁻¹)	70 mL/g (cm⁻¹)	60 mL/g (cm⁻¹)	50 mL/g (cm⁻¹)
524	520	520	514	–
578	578	578	570	558
738	700	700	700	–
784	765	765	750	–
880	880	874	854	–
944	941	929	900	900
1000	996, 1017 (Split)	996, 1017 (Split)	996, 1017 (Split)	1000
1090	1090	1078	1078	1052
1180	1175	1150	1150	1121
1380	1380	1376	1347	–
1450	1450	1429	1381	–
1478	1476	1460	1423	1448
1649	1644	1642	1626	1626
2948	2935	2918	2918	2824 and 2918
3430	3400	3432	3432	3430

NOMENCLATURE:

NOTE:

Reference: Rashid, I., Omari, M. H. A., Leharne, S. A., Chowdhry, B. Z., & Badwan, A. (2012). Starch gelatinization using sodium silicate: FTIR, DSC, XRPD, and NMR studies. Starch - Stärke, 64(9), 713–728. Portico. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201100190

Table 4: FTIR Spectra of Pullulan: Characteristic Absorption Bands and Functional Group Assignments

Wavenumber (cm⁻¹)	Vibration Mode	Functional Group/Assignment
3400–3200	O–H stretching	Hydroxyl groups (OH)
2920–2850	C–H stretching	Aliphatic C–H bonds
1640–1630	O–H bending (adsorbed water)	Water absorbed in the sample
1450–1400	C–H bending	CH₂ and CH₃ groups
1370–1350	C–H bending	CH₃ groups
1150–1100	C–O–C stretching	Glycosidic linkage (C–O–C)
1070–1030	C–O stretching	C–O bonds in the sugar ring
1040, 1020, 996	Glycosidic linkage vibrations	Specific to pullulan structure
930–910	C–O–C stretching	Glycosidic linkage (C–O–C)
850–840	C–H bending	Anomeric C–H deformation

NOMENCLATURE:

NOTE:

Reference:
1. Shingel, K. I. (2002). Determination of structural peculiarities of dexran, pullulan and γ-irradiated pullulan by Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy. Carbohydrate Research, 337(16), 1445–1451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00209-4
2. Firsov, S. P., Zhbankov, R. G., Petrov, P. T., Shingel, K. I., & Tsarenkov, V. M. (1999). Analysis of dextran and pullulan molecular fraction structure by the method of IR-spectroscopy. Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules: New Directions, 323–324. DOI: hhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4479-7_144

Table 5: Characteristic IR Bands of Cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), carboxymethylcellulose acetate(CMCA), and carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB)

Material	Wavenumber (cm⁻¹)	Assignment	Relative Absorbance
Cellulose	3482.81	Strong hydrogen-bonded O-H stretching vibration	3.59
	2897.52	C-H stretching	1.74
	1645.95	O-H bending from absorbed water
	1428.99	CH₂ bending of pyranose ring	2.12
	1370.18	C-H bending	2.56
	1034.62	C-O-C pyranose ring vibration	2.42
	898.66	β-glycosidic linkage between glucose units in cellulose	1.08
CMC	3445.21	O-H stretching	1.31
	2901.38	Stretching vibration of methine (C-H)	3.37
	1599.66	C=O group
	1414.53	Anti-symmetric and symmetric stretching vibration peak of COO	0.99
	1369.21	C-H bending	0.99
	1060.66	C-O-C stretching	1.21
CMCA	3447.13	Unsubstituted O-H group	0.68
	2911.02	COOH of acetyl group and methyl –CH₃ of CMCA	1.36
	1743.33, 1639.2	Asymmetric and symmetric C=O coupled stretching	1.98, 1
	1379.82, 1434.38	Symmetric and asymmetric vibrations of CH₃	1.79, 1.65
	1434.38	CH₂ band	1.65
	1245.79, 1037.52, 904.45	Asymmetric stretching vibrations of C-O-C in ester	2.03, 2.52, 1.02
CMCAB	3531.99	Unsubstituted O-H group	1.1
	2966.95	COOH dimer group and methyl –CH₃ of CMCAB	0.43
	2884.99	Methylene –CH₂ of CMCAB	0.03
	1748.16, 1640.16	Asymmetric and symmetric C=O coupled stretching	2.23, 1
	1375	C-CH₃ of acetyl	1.22
	1240.97, 1168.65, 1064.51	Asymmetric vibrations of C-O-C to prove the existence of an ester	1.66, 1.96, 2.36

NOMENCLATURE: CMC: Sodium carboxymethylcellulose
CMCA: Carboxymethylcellulose acetate
CMCAB: Carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate

NOTE:

Reference:
El-Sakhawy, M.A., Kamel, S., Salama, A., & Tohamy, H.S. (2018). PREPARATION AND INFRARED STUDY OF CELLULOSE BASED AMPHIPHILIC MATERIALS. DOI: http://www.cellulosechemtechnol.ro/pdf/CCT3-4(2018)/p.193-200.pdf