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{
"count": 32,
"next": "http://glycodata.org/api/gdd/self-assembly/?format=api&page=2",
"previous": null,
"results": [
{
"id": 1,
"system": "octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside",
"assembly_type": "micelle",
"size": "hydrodynamic radius 23 A; Mr 22,000",
"metric": "Nagg = 75 (direct methods); 27 (chromatographic)",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "aqueous, 34 mM",
"conditions_detail": "micelle size by HPSEC, DLS and ultracentrifugation; aggregation numbers 27-100 across methods",
"doi": "10.1016/0005-2736(90)90421-j",
"comments": "Direct physical methods indicated a large size for the micelles (hydrodynamic radius 23 A; Mr 22,000; aggregation number 75 for a 34 mM aqueous solution). (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 2,
"system": "octyl glucoside / egg phosphatidylcholine mixture",
"assembly_type": "vesicle-to-micelle transition",
"size": "vesicle size decreased from 160 nm to <66 nm",
"metric": "vesicle diameter; structural transition with added OG",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "aqueous, vitrified hydrated state (cryo-TEM)",
"conditions_detail": "vesicle-micelle transition by cryo-TEM; open vesicles coexisting with lamellae and cylindrical micelles, then spheroidal micelles",
"doi": "10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82714-6",
"comments": "the average vesicle size decreased from 160 nm to less than 66 nm with no apparent change in optical density. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 3,
"system": "acidic sophorolipid (Candida bombicola)",
"assembly_type": "micelle / rod / netlike tubular aggregates",
"size": "cross-section radius <25 A; tubular aggregates >100 nm",
"metric": "pH/ionization-dependent morphology; cross-section radius vs ionization",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "water, pH-dependent (carboxyl ionization)",
"conditions_detail": "three regimes by SANS, cryo-TEM, NMR; sphere-to-rod with concentration; netlike tubular aggregates at full ionization",
"doi": "10.1021/nn204911k",
"comments": "In the first two pH regimes the cross-section radius of the micelles is below 25 A; at complete ionization micelles favor large netlike tubular aggregates above 100 nm. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 4,
"system": "sophorolipid bolaamphiphile (non-charged, pH<5)",
"assembly_type": "micelle (prolate ellipsoid, coffee-bean core-shell)",
"size": "shell thickness ~12 A at cross-section, ~0 axial",
"metric": "prolate ellipsoid core-shell morphology (SAXS/SANS/MD)",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "aqueous, pH<5",
"conditions_detail": "SAXS gives prolate ellipsoids; contrast-matching SANS shows hydrophobic core region",
"doi": "10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05374",
"comments": "the shell thickness is practically zero in the axial direction but ~12 A at its cross-section, forming a coffee-bean-like shape. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 5,
"system": "bola sophoroside glycolipid",
"assembly_type": "twisted nanofibers (hydrogel) coexisting with micelles",
"size": "twisted nanofibers (thermodynamic phase below 14 C)",
"metric": "sol-to-gel transition; nanofiber/micelle coexistence vs temperature",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "aqueous, temperature-dependent",
"conditions_detail": "oscillatory rheology, SAXS, cryo-TEM, rheo-SAXS; reversible sol-to-gel transition",
"doi": "10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00580",
"comments": "Below 14 C twisted nanofibers are the thermodynamic phase; between 14 and ~33 C nanofibers coexist with micelles and a reversible hydrogel forms. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 6,
"system": "di-rhamnolipid RhaRhaC10C10",
"assembly_type": "micelle (prolate ellipsoid)",
"size": "equatorial core radius ~8 A; shell ~12 A",
"metric": "Nagg 10-15; core radius 8 A",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "water, pH 6.05 and 7.5",
"conditions_detail": "SAXS modelling + cryo-TEM; prolate ellipsoid micelles; area per RL 130-170 A^2",
"doi": "10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00336",
"comments": "In RhaRhaC10C10 at pH 6.05 and 7.5, micelles have core radius ~8 A and aggregation number between 10 and 15. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 7,
"system": "mono-rhamnolipid RhaC10C10",
"assembly_type": "micelle-to-vesicle transition",
"size": "vesicle diameter >=100 nm; micelle core radius 8.0 A",
"metric": "micelle-to-vesicle transition at pH 6.5; Nagg 11-15",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "water, basic-to-acidic pH (transition at pH 6.5)",
"conditions_detail": "SAXS + cryo-TEM; micelle core radius 8.0 A, shell 8-11 A, Nagg 11-15; vesicle membrane few nm",
"doi": "10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00336",
"comments": "RhaC10C10 undergoes a micelle-to-vesicle transition at pH 6.5; vesicles have a diameter of at least 100 nm with membrane thickness of a few nm. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 8,
"system": "mannosylerythritol lipid A (MEL-A)",
"assembly_type": "sponge (L3), bicontinuous cubic (V2), lamella (Lalpha)",
"size": "lamellar lattice constant 3.58 nm",
"metric": "L3 phase over 20-65 C; lamellar d = 3.58 nm",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "aqueous lyotropic phases",
"conditions_detail": "SAXS, DSC, POM; broad temperature stability of sponge phase",
"doi": "10.1021/la0620814",
"comments": "MEL-A self-assembles into sponge (L3), bicontinuous cubic (V2) and lamella (Lalpha) phases; estimated Lalpha lattice constant 3.58 nm. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 9,
"system": "mannosylerythritol lipid B (MEL-B)",
"assembly_type": "lamellar (Lalpha) phase and large vesicles",
"size": "vesicles 1-5 um; interlayer spacing 4.7 nm (low conc), 3.1 nm (high conc)",
"metric": "d-spacing 4.7-3.1 nm; trapped volume ~0.42 uL/umol",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "aqueous, wide concentration/temperature range",
"conditions_detail": "SAXS for interlayer spacing, CLSM for vesicles, DSC for thermal stability",
"doi": "10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.03.009",
"comments": "MEL-B self-assembles into a lamellar (Lalpha) phase over wide ranges; interlayer spacing ~4.7 nm; relatively large vesicles (1-5 um) at low concentration. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 10,
"system": "dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside (DDM, beta-C12G2)",
"assembly_type": "micelle (large oblate aggregate)",
"size": "oblate ellipsoid micelle",
"metric": "Nagg = 132 (SAXS/SANS)",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "water, 297 K, 20-100 mM",
"conditions_detail": "aggregation number from SAXS/SANS fitting of monodisperse micelles; beta-anomer forms large oblate aggregates",
"doi": "10.1021/la970370o",
"comments": "the alpha-anomer forms small quasi-spherical micelles, the beta-anomer large oblate aggregates; Nagg = 132 for beta-C12G2 (Dupuy et al.). (confidence: medium)"
},
{
"id": 11,
"system": "N-octyl-D-gluconamide",
"assembly_type": "helical micellar rods (fibers)",
"size": "diameter 4 nm; central gap ~0.8 nm",
"metric": "micellar rod diameter; helical fiber morphology",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "bulk aqueous media",
"conditions_detail": "helical micellar fibers vs planar bilayers of gulonamide diastereomer; central tunnel by modeling",
"doi": "10.1021/ja00167a029",
"comments": "N-octylgluconamide forms helical micellar rods 4 nm in diameter with a central gap ~0.8 nm (a tunnel). (confidence: medium)"
},
{
"id": 12,
"system": "beta-S-GlcNAc-tartaric acid amphiphile 1",
"assembly_type": "hydrogel fibrillar network (solid fibers)",
"size": "fibers 33-45 nm wide (SEM); diameter 24-31 nm (TEM)",
"metric": "fiber width/diameter; cross-linked fibrillar network",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "hydrogel (water)",
"conditions_detail": "low-molecular-weight gelator; SEM, TEM, rheology, circular dichroism",
"doi": "10.3390/gels10010005",
"comments": "the hydrogel of amphiphile 1 gave a cross-linked fibrillar network; SEM fibers 33-45 nm wide; TEM solid fibers 24-31 nm diameter. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 13,
"system": "beta-S-GlcNAc-tartaric acid amphiphile 2",
"assembly_type": "organogel tubular fibers (DMSO)",
"size": "tubular fibers external diameter 29-32 nm, internal 11-12 nm",
"metric": "fiber width (SEM); tubular external/internal diameters (TEM)",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "DMSO organogel",
"conditions_detail": "compact cross-linked network of fibers; SEM and TEM",
"doi": "10.3390/gels10010005",
"comments": "the DMSO gel of amphiphile 2 showed tubular fibers with external diameter 29-32 nm and internal diameter 11-12 nm. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 14,
"system": "N-heptyl-D-galactonamide",
"assembly_type": "hydrogel nanofibers (3D scaffold)",
"size": "nanometric fibers; ~97% water entrapment",
"metric": "fiber self-assembly forming highly hydrated hydrogel",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "water (solvent exchange / thermal gel)",
"conditions_detail": "alkylgalactonamide molecular hydrogel; soft gel as 3D scaffold for neuronal cells; confocal microscopy",
"doi": "10.1021/acsami.8b01365",
"comments": "a hydrogel from N-heptyl-galactonamide was a suitable 3D scaffold for neuronal cells, with cells penetrating to ~200 um depth. (confidence: medium)"
},
{
"id": 15,
"system": "glucose/galactose glycopyranoside glycolipids (C2-coupled)",
"assembly_type": "unilamellar (glucose) / multilamellar (galactose) lamellae",
"size": "layer spacing 41.2 A (GALPA-C2), 37.6 A (GALMY-C2)",
"metric": "lamellar layer spacing; unilamellar vs multilamellar",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "aqueous with 10% methanol",
"conditions_detail": "cryo-TEM and SAXS; CD and FTIR for chiral ordering; MD for H-bonding",
"doi": "10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c02346",
"comments": "lamellar structures form, unilamellar for glucose-based glycolipids but multilamellar for galactose analogues; GALPA-C2 layer spacing 41.2 A. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 16,
"system": "ionic glycolipid GC/RC homologues (C14, RC10)",
"assembly_type": "ellipsoidal micelle (L1), hexagonal (H1), bicontinuous cubic (Ia3d)",
"size": "hexagonal lattice 3.59 nm (55 wt%) to 3.11 nm (80 wt%)",
"metric": "lyotropic phase sequence; hexagonal lattice vs concentration",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "aqueous lyotropic, concentration-dependent",
"conditions_detail": "SAXS/WAXS at CoSAXS (MAX IV); micelle size/Nagg set by alkyl chain length",
"doi": "10.1021/acsomega.5c08922",
"comments": "in the L1 regime ellipsoidal micelles form; RC10 forms a hexagonal (H1) mesophase from 55-80 wt% with lattice 3.59 to 3.11 nm. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 17,
"system": "PHEMA-b-PGEMA / PEMA-b-PGEMA block glycopolymers (glucosyloxy)",
"assembly_type": "micelle",
"size": "hydrodynamic diameter ~9-21 nm",
"metric": "Dh = 9-21 nm (DLS)",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "aqueous solution",
"conditions_detail": "micelles by fluorescence, UV-vis, DLS; RAFT-synthesized block glycopolymers",
"doi": "10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01713",
"comments": "Both block glycopolymers self-assembled into micelles ~9 to 21 nm hydrodynamic diameter by DLS. (confidence: high)"
},
{
"id": 18,
"system": "mannose gold glyconanoparticles + Concanavalin A",
"assembly_type": "lectin-mediated supramolecular assembly",
"size": "hydrodynamic radius increases from 5.3 nm to 43.5 nm on ConA",
"metric": "Rh increase upon lectin binding (DLS)",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "aqueous, lectin (ConA) addition",
"conditions_detail": "glycan-gold nanoparticles as multivalent lectin probes; assembly by DLS",
"doi": "10.1021/jacs.0c06793",
"comments": "Addition of Con A rapidly increased the average hydrodynamic radius from 5.3 nm to 43.5 nm. (confidence: medium)"
},
{
"id": 19,
"system": "beta-cyclodextrin / naphthylammonium / AOT complex",
"assembly_type": "vesicle",
"size": "vesicles (diameter not stated)",
"metric": "vesicle formation via inclusion equilibria",
"method": "Experiment",
"conditions": "aqueous, noncovalent self-assembly",
"conditions_detail": "vesicles by TEM and DLS; mechanism via ICD, UV-vis, POM, 1H NMR",
"doi": "10.1002/chem.200700729",
"comments": "self-assembly vesicles have been made from a cyclodextrin supramolecular complex, characterized by TEM and DLS. (confidence: medium)"
},
{
"id": 20,
"system": "alpha-dodecyl maltoside (alpha-C12G2)",
"assembly_type": "micelle",
"size": "Rg = 20.0-20.5 A; Nagg = 75",
"metric": "radius of gyration, aggregation number, semi-axis ratio",
"method": "Simulation",
"conditions": "atomistic MD, 297 K, water",
"conditions_detail": "Atomistic MD; CHARMM-K/CHARMM-Opt/GLYCAM06; preassembled micelle of 75 monomers (Nagg from SAXS/SANS, Dupuy et al.); semi-axis ratio ~1.20",
"doi": "10.1021/jp109545v",
"comments": "average Rg of the alpha-C12G2 micelles: 20.5 A (CHARMM-K), 20.2 A (CHARMM-Opt) and 20.0 A (GLYCAM06). (confidence: high)"
}
]
}