{"count":839,"next":"http://glycodata.org/api/gdd/glyco-properties/?format=json&page=40","previous":"http://glycodata.org/api/gdd/glyco-properties/?format=json&page=38","results":[{"id":761,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparin (unfractionated)","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparin (UFH)","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"2.7","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"2.7","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Review","method_detail":"average number of sulfate groups per disaccharide, compiled from disaccharide-analysis literature","conditions":"average number of sulfate groups per disaccharide, compiled from disaccharide-analysis literature","conditions_detail":"average number of sulfate groups per disaccharide, compiled from disaccharide-analysis literature | source: unfractionated heparin","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-23056-1_8","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3755452/","year":"2012","confidence":"high","comments":"\"The average heparin disaccharide contains ~2.7 sulfate groups\"  — Canonical heparin sulfation value. Same value reported by multiple reviews.  [Shriver Z, Capila I, Venkataraman G, Sasisekharan R, 2012, confidence: high]"},{"id":762,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparan sulfate","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparan sulfate","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"1","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"1.0","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Review","method_detail":"average number of sulfate groups per disaccharide (reported as >=1)","conditions":"average number of sulfate groups per disaccharide (reported as >=1)","conditions_detail":"average number of sulfate groups per disaccharide (reported as >=1) | source: heparan sulfate (general)","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-23056-1_8","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3755452/","year":"2012","confidence":"high","comments":"\"heparan sulfate contains >=1 sulfate group per disaccharide\"  — Reported as a lower bound (>=1); contrast with heparin ~2.7.  [Shriver Z, Capila I, Venkataraman G, Sasisekharan R, 2012, confidence: high]"},{"id":763,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparin (purified, porcine)","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparin (UFH)","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"2.5","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"2.5","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio (2.4-2.6) as a measure of degree of sulfation per average disaccharide; midpoint 2.5 recorded","conditions":"sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio (2.4-2.6) as a measure of degree of sulfation per average disaccharide; midpoint 2.5 recorded","conditions_detail":"sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio (2.4-2.6) as a measure of degree of sulfation per average disaccharide; midpoint 2.5 recorded | source: purified pharmaceutical-grade heparin | measure: sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio 2.4-2.6","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-23056-1_8","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3755452/","year":"2012","confidence":"high","comments":"\"sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio, a measure of the degree of sulfation per average disaccharide, of 2.4-2.6\"  — Reported range 2.4-2.6 (sulfate:carboxylate). Recorded as 2.5 midpoint; range in conditions.  [Shriver Z, Capila I, Venkataraman G, Sasisekharan R, 2012, confidence: high]"},{"id":764,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparan sulfate (porcine)","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparan sulfate","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"0.3","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"0.3","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio (~0.3) as a measure of degree of sulfation per average disaccharide","conditions":"sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio (~0.3) as a measure of degree of sulfation per average disaccharide","conditions_detail":"sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio (~0.3) as a measure of degree of sulfation per average disaccharide | source: porcine heparan sulfate | measure: sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-23056-1_8","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3755452/","year":"2012","confidence":"medium","comments":"\"characterized by a sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio of ~0.3\"  — Sulfate:carboxylate ratio; carboxylate is ~1/disaccharide so ~0.3 sulfates/disaccharide. Demonstrates low-sulfation HS.  [Shriver Z, Capila I, Venkataraman G, Sasisekharan R, 2012, confidence: medium]"},{"id":765,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparin","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparin (UFH)","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"2.7","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"2.7","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Review","method_detail":"average number of sulfate groups per disaccharide monomer; linked to total net charge ~-75 per chain","conditions":"average number of sulfate groups per disaccharide monomer; linked to total net charge ~-75 per chain","conditions_detail":"average number of sulfate groups per disaccharide monomer; linked to total net charge ~-75 per chain | source: heparin (avg MW 15 kDa)","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01147","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5111123/","year":"2016","confidence":"high","comments":"\"On average, there are 2.7 sulfate groups per disaccharide monomer, which when combined gives heparin a total negative net charge of approximately -75.\"  — Independent corroboration of the 2.7 sulfates/disaccharide value.  [Paluck SJ, Nguyen TH, Maynard HD, 2016, confidence: high]"},{"id":766,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparin","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparin (UFH)","property":"charge density","property_key":"charge_density","value":"-75.0","unit":"net charge per chain","value_reported":"-75","unit_reported":"net charge per chain","method":"Review","method_detail":"total negative net charge per average heparin chain (15 kDa) arising from 2.7 sulfates per disaccharide plus carboxylates","conditions":"total negative net charge per average heparin chain (15 kDa) arising from 2.7 sulfates per disaccharide plus carboxylates","conditions_detail":"total negative net charge per average heparin chain (15 kDa) arising from 2.7 sulfates per disaccharide plus carboxylates | source: heparin (avg MW 15 kDa) | note: per whole chain, not per disaccharide","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01147","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5111123/","year":"2016","confidence":"high","comments":"\"On average, there are 2.7 sulfate groups per disaccharide monomer, which when combined gives heparin a total negative net charge of approximately -75.\"  — Whole-chain net charge (not per-disaccharide); unit reflects that. Reported alongside the 2.7 sulfates/disaccharide value.  [Paluck SJ, Nguyen TH, Maynard HD, 2016, confidence: high]"},{"id":767,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparin","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparin (UFH)","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"3","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"3.0","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Review","method_detail":"level of sulfation = average number of sulfates in the major disaccharide unit (Table 1)","conditions":"level of sulfation = average number of sulfates in the major disaccharide unit (Table 1)","conditions_detail":"level of sulfation = average number of sulfates in the major disaccharide unit (Table 1) | source: heparin (major form)","doi":"10.2174/157341112803216753","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3525092/","year":"2012","confidence":"medium","comments":"\"The level of sulfation is the average number of sulfates in the disaccharide unit the major form of e... (Table 1: heparin = 3)\"  — Table 1 tabulates the major-form sulfate count (heparin=3, undersulfated heparin=2, HS=1, N-sulfo heparosan=1). Reflects the dominant disaccharide rather than the population average ~2.7.  [Wang Z, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ, 2012, confidence: medium]"},{"id":768,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparan sulfate","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparan sulfate","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"1","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"1.0","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Review","method_detail":"level of sulfation = average number of sulfates in the major disaccharide unit (Table 1)","conditions":"level of sulfation = average number of sulfates in the major disaccharide unit (Table 1)","conditions_detail":"level of sulfation = average number of sulfates in the major disaccharide unit (Table 1) | source: heparan sulfate (major form)","doi":"10.2174/157341112803216753","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3525092/","year":"2012","confidence":"medium","comments":"\"The level of sulfation is the average number of sulfates in the disaccharide unit the major form of e... (Table 1: heparan sulfate = 1)\"  — Major-form sulfate count from Table 1.  [Wang Z, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ, 2012, confidence: medium]"},{"id":769,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"undersulfated heparin","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparinoid (other)","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"2","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"2.0","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Review","method_detail":"level of sulfation = average number of sulfates in the major disaccharide unit (Table 1)","conditions":"level of sulfation = average number of sulfates in the major disaccharide unit (Table 1)","conditions_detail":"level of sulfation = average number of sulfates in the major disaccharide unit (Table 1) | source: undersulfated heparin (bioengineered intermediate)","doi":"10.2174/157341112803216753","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3525092/","year":"2012","confidence":"medium","comments":"\"The level of sulfation is the average number of sulfates in the disaccharide unit the major form of e... (Table 1: undersulfated heparin = 2)\"  — Bioengineered-heparin process intermediate.  [Wang Z, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ, 2012, confidence: medium]"},{"id":770,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"N-sulfo heparosan","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparinoid (other)","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"1","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"1.0","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Review","method_detail":"level of sulfation = average number of sulfates in the major disaccharide unit (Table 1)","conditions":"level of sulfation = average number of sulfates in the major disaccharide unit (Table 1)","conditions_detail":"level of sulfation = average number of sulfates in the major disaccharide unit (Table 1) | source: N-sulfo heparosan (bioengineered intermediate)","doi":"10.2174/157341112803216753","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3525092/","year":"2012","confidence":"medium","comments":"\"The level of sulfation is the average number of sulfates in the disaccharide unit the major form of e... (Table 1: N-sulfo heparosan = 1)\"  — Bioengineered-heparin process intermediate (N-sulfo only).  [Wang Z, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ, 2012, confidence: medium]"},{"id":771,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparin oligosaccharide (heparin-derived octasaccharide)","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparin oligosaccharide","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"2.6","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"2.6","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"average sulfates per disaccharide of a heparin-derived octasaccharide, from tandem mass spectrometry fine-structure characterization","conditions":"average sulfates per disaccharide of a heparin-derived octasaccharide, from tandem mass spectrometry fine-structure characterization","conditions_detail":"average sulfates per disaccharide of a heparin-derived octasaccharide, from tandem mass spectrometry fine-structure characterization | source: heparin-derived octasaccharide (dp8)","doi":"10.1021/jm2007341","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3251171/","year":"2011","confidence":"high","comments":"\"An octasaccharide from heparin has an average of 2.6 sulfates per disaccharide which is consistent with the literature values\"  — Heparin oligosaccharide; consistent with the ~2.7 polymer value.  [Xiao Z, Tappen BR, Ly M, Zhao W, Canova LP, Guan H, Linhardt RJ, 2011, confidence: high]"},{"id":772,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparan sulfate NS-domain octasaccharide (dp8)","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparin oligosaccharide","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"1.4","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"1.4","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"average sulfation of a heparan sulfate NS-domain octasaccharide (dp8) by tandem mass spectrometry","conditions":"average sulfation of a heparan sulfate NS-domain octasaccharide (dp8) by tandem mass spectrometry","conditions_detail":"average sulfation of a heparan sulfate NS-domain octasaccharide (dp8) by tandem mass spectrometry | source: heparan sulfate NS domain, dp8","doi":"10.1021/jm2007341","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3251171/","year":"2011","confidence":"high","comments":"\"in heparan sulfate, an NS domain of dp 8 has an average sulfation of 1.4 per disaccharide\"  — Highly sulfated NS domain of HS; higher than the HS chain average.  [Xiao Z, Tappen BR, Ly M, Zhao W, Canova LP, Guan H, Linhardt RJ, 2011, confidence: high]"},{"id":773,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparan sulfate (liver) / heparin","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparan sulfate","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"2","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"2.0","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Review","method_detail":"degree of sulfation ~2 per disaccharide for liver HS and heparin; cell-type HS spans 0-2","conditions":"degree of sulfation ~2 per disaccharide for liver HS and heparin; cell-type HS spans 0-2","conditions_detail":"degree of sulfation ~2 per disaccharide for liver HS and heparin; cell-type HS spans 0-2 | source: liver heparan sulphate and heparin; endothelial HS ~0; other cell types 0-2","doi":"10.1172/JCI13713","source_url":"https://www.jci.org/articles/view/13713","year":"2001","confidence":"high","comments":"\"The degree of sulfation of liver heparan sulphate and heparin is ~2 per disaccharide unit, of endothelial cell heparan sulphate nearly 0, and of heparan sulphates from other cell types between 0 and 2 per disaccharide unit.\"  — Illustrates the broad HS range (0-2) across tissues vs heparin ~2.  [Lindahl U, Li JP, Kusche-Gullberg M, 2001, confidence: high]"},{"id":774,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparan sulfate (endothelial cell)","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparan sulfate","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"0","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"0.0","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Review","method_detail":"degree of sulfation nearly 0 per disaccharide for endothelial-cell heparan sulfate","conditions":"degree of sulfation nearly 0 per disaccharide for endothelial-cell heparan sulfate","conditions_detail":"degree of sulfation nearly 0 per disaccharide for endothelial-cell heparan sulfate | source: endothelial cell heparan sulphate","doi":"10.1172/JCI13713","source_url":"https://www.jci.org/articles/view/13713","year":"2001","confidence":"high","comments":"\"of endothelial cell heparan sulphate nearly 0\"  — Low-sulfation extreme of HS range.  [Lindahl U, Li JP, Kusche-Gullberg M, 2001, confidence: high]"},{"id":775,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparan sulfate (HS fraction I, 40 kDa)","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparan sulfate","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"0.75","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"0.75","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"total polymer sulfation = 75 N- plus O-sulphate groups per 100 disaccharides (= 0.75 per disaccharide); 40 N-sulphate + 35 O-sulphate per 100 disaccharides","conditions":"total polymer sulfation = 75 N- plus O-sulphate groups per 100 disaccharides (= 0.75 per disaccharide); 40 N-sulphate + 35 O-sulphate per 100 disaccharides","conditions_detail":"total polymer sulfation = 75 N- plus O-sulphate groups per 100 disaccharides (= 0.75 per disaccharide); 40 N-sulphate + 35 O-sulphate per 100 disaccharides | source: heparan sulfate fraction I (~40 kDa) | raw: 75 sulphate groups per 100 disaccharides","doi":"10.1172/JCI13530","source_url":"https://www.jci.org/articles/view/13530","year":"1998","confidence":"high","comments":"\"40 N-sulphate groups per 100 disaccharides 35 O-sulphate groups per 100 disaccharides *Polymer sulphation (N- and O-sulphate groups) is 75 per 100 disaccharides.\"  — Converted 75 per 100 disaccharides to 0.75 per disaccharide. Less-modified HS fraction.  [Lindahl U, Kusche-Gullberg M, Kjellen L, 1998, confidence: high]"},{"id":776,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"heparan sulfate (HS fraction III, 9 kDa)","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparan sulfate","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"1.75","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"1.75","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"total polymer sulfation = 175 N- plus O-sulphate groups per 100 disaccharides (= 1.75 per disaccharide); 65 N-sulphate + 110 O-sulphate per 100 disaccharides","conditions":"total polymer sulfation = 175 N- plus O-sulphate groups per 100 disaccharides (= 1.75 per disaccharide); 65 N-sulphate + 110 O-sulphate per 100 disaccharides","conditions_detail":"total polymer sulfation = 175 N- plus O-sulphate groups per 100 disaccharides (= 1.75 per disaccharide); 65 N-sulphate + 110 O-sulphate per 100 disaccharides | source: heparan sulfate fraction III (~9 kDa), highly sulfated | raw: 175 sulphate groups per 100 disaccharides","doi":"10.1172/JCI13530","source_url":"https://www.jci.org/articles/view/13530","year":"1998","confidence":"high","comments":"\"65 N-sulphate groups per 100 disaccharides 110 O-sulphate groups per 100 disaccharides *Polymer sulphation (N- and O-sulphate groups) is 175 per 100 disaccharide\"  — Converted 175 per 100 disaccharides to 1.75 per disaccharide. Highly sulfated HS fraction, approaching heparin.  [Lindahl U, Kusche-Gullberg M, Kjellen L, 1998, confidence: high]"},{"id":777,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"enoxaparin sodium","entity_group":"","entity_class":"LMWH","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"1.8","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"1.8","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"degree of sulfation not less than 1.8 per disaccharide unit (USP pharmacopoeial specification); ~75% of structures carry three sulfo groups per disaccharide","conditions":"degree of sulfation not less than 1.8 per disaccharide unit (USP pharmacopoeial specification); ~75% of structures carry three sulfo groups per disaccharide","conditions_detail":"degree of sulfation not less than 1.8 per disaccharide unit (USP pharmacopoeial specification); ~75% of structures carry three sulfo groups per disaccharide | source: enoxaparin sodium (LMWH) | spec: not less than 1.8 per disaccharide","doi":"","source_url":"https://www.uspnf.com/sites/default/files/usp_pdf/EN/USPNF/enoxaparinSodiumPostponed.pdf","year":"2008","confidence":"medium","comments":"\"Enoxaparin has a degree of sulfation of not less than 1.8 per disaccharide unit ... the majority (~75%) of structures contain three sulfo groups per disaccharide unit\"  — USP monograph minimum spec (>=1.8). Quote relayed via web search; the PDF itself was not text-extractable on direct fetch.  [United States Pharmacopeia, 2008, confidence: medium]"},{"id":778,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"tinzaparin sodium","entity_group":"","entity_class":"LMWH","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"2.15","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"2.15","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Review","method_detail":"at least 1.8 and up to 2.5 sulfate groups per disaccharide unit (range; midpoint 2.15 recorded)","conditions":"at least 1.8 and up to 2.5 sulfate groups per disaccharide unit (range; midpoint 2.15 recorded)","conditions_detail":"at least 1.8 and up to 2.5 sulfate groups per disaccharide unit (range; midpoint 2.15 recorded) | source: tinzaparin sodium (LMWH, enzymatic depolymerization) | range: 1.8-2.5 per disaccharide","doi":"10.1007/s00228-022-03365-4","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00228-022-03365-4","year":"2022","confidence":"high","comments":"\"Tinzaparin (CAS No: 9041-08-1; ATC code: B01AB10) has at least 1.8 and up to 2.5 sulfate groups per disaccharide unit\"  — Range 1.8-2.5; recorded midpoint 2.15 with range in conditions. Higher sulfation than enoxaparin.  [Rohrig N, et al., 2022, confidence: high]"},{"id":779,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"chondroitin sulfate (native)","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparinoid (other)","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"1","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"1.0","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"native chondroitin-4-sulfate / chondroitin-6-sulfate, predominantly monosulfated (position 4 or 6); baseline ~1 sulfate per disaccharide","conditions":"native chondroitin-4-sulfate / chondroitin-6-sulfate, predominantly monosulfated (position 4 or 6); baseline ~1 sulfate per disaccharide","conditions_detail":"native chondroitin-4-sulfate / chondroitin-6-sulfate, predominantly monosulfated (position 4 or 6); baseline ~1 sulfate per disaccharide | source: native chondroitin sulfate (C4S/C6S)","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0193482","source_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0193482","year":"2018","confidence":"medium","comments":"\"native chondroitin-4-sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate which are predominantly sulfated only at position 4 or position 6\"  — Baseline mono-sulfated chondroitin (~1 per disaccharide) before chemical oversulfation series.  [Hogwood J, Naggi A, Torri G, Page C, Rigsby P, Mulloy B, Gray E, 2018, confidence: medium]"},{"id":780,"dataset":"heparin","entity":"chondroitin sulfate (di-sulfated, CS2.4)","entity_group":"","entity_class":"heparinoid (other)","property":"degree of sulfation","property_key":"sulfation_degree","value":"2.4","unit":"per disaccharide","value_reported":"2.4","unit_reported":"per disaccharide","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"chemically oversulfated chondroitin; degree of sulfation determined by NMR and sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio","conditions":"chemically oversulfated chondroitin; degree of sulfation determined by NMR and sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio","conditions_detail":"chemically oversulfated chondroitin; degree of sulfation determined by NMR and sulfate-to-carboxylate ratio | source: chemically di-sulfated chondroitin sulfate","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0193482","source_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0193482","year":"2018","confidence":"high","comments":"\"The degree of sulfation ranged from 2.4 to 4.0.\"  — Lower end of the engineered oversulfation series.  [Hogwood J, Naggi A, Torri G, Page C, Rigsby P, Mulloy B, Gray E, 2018, confidence: high]"}]}