{"count":839,"next":"http://glycodata.org/api/gdd/glyco-properties/?format=json&page=28","previous":"http://glycodata.org/api/gdd/glyco-properties/?format=json&page=26","results":[{"id":521,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"spruce-pine wood cellulose","entity_group":"dissolving/wood pulp","entity_class":"native cellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"76.0","unit":"%","value_reported":"75-77","unit_reported":"%","method":"Review","method_detail":"XRD Rietveld refinement","conditions":"XRD Rietveld refinement","conditions_detail":"XRD Rietveld refinement | measurement: XRD Rietveld | allomorph: I | source: spruce-pine wood","doi":"10.1039/D2CS00569G","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2023/cs/d2cs00569g","year":"2023","confidence":"high","comments":"\"Spruce-pine ... Rietveld 75-77%; Segal 49-50%; Peak Fitting 42-48%; Amorphous Subtraction 58%\"  — Same sample: Rietveld 75-77, Segal 49-50, peak fitting 42-48, amorphous subtraction 58.  [Salem KS, Kasera NK, Rahman MA, Jameel H, et al., 2023, confidence: high]"},{"id":522,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"cotton linter cellulose","entity_group":"cotton","entity_class":"native cellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"86.0","unit":"%","value_reported":"85-87","unit_reported":"%","method":"Review","method_detail":"XRD Rietveld refinement","conditions":"XRD Rietveld refinement","conditions_detail":"XRD Rietveld refinement | measurement: XRD Rietveld | allomorph: I | source: cotton linter","doi":"10.1039/D2CS00569G","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2023/cs/d2cs00569g","year":"2023","confidence":"high","comments":"\"Cotton linter ... Rietveld 85-87%; Segal 55-56%; Peak Fitting 62-67%; Amorphous Subtraction 72.1%\"  — Cotton: Rietveld 85-87, Segal 55-56, peak fitting 62-67, amorphous subtraction 72.1. NOTE Segal here is lower than Rietveld (peak-overlap effect in this study's protocol).  [Salem KS, Kasera NK, Rahman MA, Jameel H, et al., 2023, confidence: high]"},{"id":523,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"cotton linter cellulose","entity_group":"cotton","entity_class":"native cellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"55.5","unit":"%","value_reported":"55-56","unit_reported":"%","method":"Review","method_detail":"XRD, Segal peak-height method","conditions":"XRD, Segal peak-height method","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal peak-height method | measurement: XRD peak height (Segal) | allomorph: I | source: cotton linter","doi":"10.1039/D2CS00569G","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2023/cs/d2cs00569g","year":"2023","confidence":"high","comments":"\"Cotton linter ... Segal 55-56%\"  — Segal value for cotton linter (same sample as Rietveld 85-87% row).  [Salem KS, Kasera NK, Rahman MA, Jameel H, et al., 2023, confidence: high]"},{"id":524,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"Avicel PH-102 microcrystalline cellulose","entity_group":"microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)","entity_class":"pulp / microcrystalline cellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"79.0","unit":"%","value_reported":"76-82","unit_reported":"%","method":"Review","method_detail":"XRD Rietveld refinement","conditions":"XRD Rietveld refinement","conditions_detail":"XRD Rietveld refinement | measurement: XRD Rietveld | allomorph: I | source: Avicel PH-102 (commercial MCC)","doi":"10.1039/D2CS00569G","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2023/cs/d2cs00569g","year":"2023","confidence":"high","comments":"\"Avicel PH-102 ... Rietveld 76-82%; Segal 49-53%; Peak Fitting 60-65%; Amorphous Subtraction 67%\"  — MCC; same sample four methods (Rietveld 76-82, Segal 49-53, peak fitting 60-65, amorphous subtraction 67).  [Salem KS, Kasera NK, Rahman MA, Jameel H, et al., 2023, confidence: high]"},{"id":525,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"Avicel PH-102 microcrystalline cellulose","entity_group":"microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)","entity_class":"pulp / microcrystalline cellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"51.0","unit":"%","value_reported":"49-53","unit_reported":"%","method":"Review","method_detail":"XRD, Segal peak-height method","conditions":"XRD, Segal peak-height method","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal peak-height method | measurement: XRD peak height (Segal) | allomorph: I | source: Avicel PH-102 (commercial MCC)","doi":"10.1039/D2CS00569G","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2023/cs/d2cs00569g","year":"2023","confidence":"high","comments":"\"Avicel PH-102 ... Segal 49-53%\"  — Segal value for Avicel PH-102.  [Salem KS, Kasera NK, Rahman MA, Jameel H, et al., 2023, confidence: high]"},{"id":526,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"moso bamboo cellulose","entity_group":"bamboo","entity_class":"native cellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"45.5","unit":"%","value_reported":"45-46","unit_reported":"%","method":"Review","method_detail":"XRD Rietveld refinement","conditions":"XRD Rietveld refinement","conditions_detail":"XRD Rietveld refinement | measurement: XRD Rietveld | allomorph: I | source: moso bamboo","doi":"10.1039/D2CS00569G","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2023/cs/d2cs00569g","year":"2023","confidence":"high","comments":"\"Moso bamboo ... Rietveld 45-46%; Segal 22-24%; Peak Fitting 20-21%; Amorphous Subtraction 28%\"  — Same sample four methods (Rietveld 45-46, Segal 22-24, peak fitting 20-21, amorphous subtraction 28).  [Salem KS, Kasera NK, Rahman MA, Jameel H, et al., 2023, confidence: high]"},{"id":527,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"lyocell regenerated cellulose fiber","entity_group":"lyocell/Tencel","entity_class":"regenerated cellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"44.0","unit":"%","value_reported":"0.44","unit_reported":"fraction","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD crystallinity index (Stana-Kleinschek et al. 2001)","conditions":"XRD crystallinity index (Stana-Kleinschek et al. 2001)","conditions_detail":"XRD crystallinity index (Stana-Kleinschek et al. 2001) | measurement: XRD | allomorph: II | source: lyocell fiber (NMMO process)","doi":"10.15376/biores.13.2.zhang","source_url":"https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/regenerated-cellulose-by-the-lyocell-process-a-brief-review-of-the-process-and-properties/","year":"2018","confidence":"high","comments":"\"The crystallinity index (CrI) of lyocell fibers (0.44) is much higher than that of viscose fibers (0.25) (Stana-Kleinschek et al. 2001).\"  — Reported as a fraction (0.44 = 44%). Cellulose II allomorph; original source Stana-Kleinschek et al. 2001.  [Zhang S, Chen C, Duan C, et al., 2018, confidence: high]"},{"id":528,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"viscose regenerated cellulose fiber","entity_group":"viscose/rayon","entity_class":"regenerated cellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"25.0","unit":"%","value_reported":"0.25","unit_reported":"fraction","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD crystallinity index (Stana-Kleinschek et al. 2001)","conditions":"XRD crystallinity index (Stana-Kleinschek et al. 2001)","conditions_detail":"XRD crystallinity index (Stana-Kleinschek et al. 2001) | measurement: XRD | allomorph: II | source: viscose rayon fiber","doi":"10.15376/biores.13.2.zhang","source_url":"https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/regenerated-cellulose-by-the-lyocell-process-a-brief-review-of-the-process-and-properties/","year":"2018","confidence":"high","comments":"\"The crystallinity index (CrI) of lyocell fibers (0.44) is much higher than that of viscose fibers (0.25) (Stana-Kleinschek et al. 2001).\"  — Reported as a fraction (0.25 = 25%). Cellulose II; lowest crystallinity regenerated fiber.  [Zhang S, Chen C, Duan C, et al., 2018, confidence: high]"},{"id":529,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"Ioncell-F regenerated cellulose fiber","entity_group":"lyocell/Tencel","entity_class":"regenerated cellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"60.0","unit":"%","value_reported":"0.6","unit_reported":"fraction","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) with azimuthal analysis; crystalline volume fraction","conditions":"Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) with azimuthal analysis; crystalline volume fraction","conditions_detail":"Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) with azimuthal analysis; crystalline volume fraction | measurement: WAXS volume-fraction analysis | allomorph: II | source: Ioncell-F fiber (ionic-liquid spun, draw ratio >= 5)","doi":"10.1107/S205225252200570X","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252157/","year":"2022","confidence":"high","comments":"\"phi_c increases strongly with increasing draw ratio for lower draw-ratio values, and essentially levels off at phi_c = 0.6 +/- 0.05 for DR >= 5\"  — Crystalline volume fraction phi_c = 0.60 +/- 0.05 (=60%) for cellulose II regenerated fiber.  [Gentile L, Sixta H, Giannini C, Olsson U, 2022, confidence: high]"},{"id":530,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"cellulose nanocrystals (CNC, oil palm empty fruit bunch)","entity_group":"cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)","entity_class":"nanocellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"87.1","unit":"%","value_reported":"87.1","unit_reported":"%","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD, Segal method","conditions":"XRD, Segal method","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal method | measurement: XRD Segal | allomorph: I | source: oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), 1.5% H2O2 bleaching, acid hydrolysis","doi":"10.22146/ajche.83422","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.83422","year":"2023","confidence":"high","comments":"\"Using Segal's equation, the crystallinity index of cellulose is 51.6%, CNCs bleached by 1.5%, H2O2 is 87.1%, and CNCs bleached by 10%, H2O2 is 93%.\"  — Raw OPEFB cellulose precursor was 51.6%.  [Pranolo SH, et al., 2023, confidence: high]"},{"id":531,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"cellulose nanocrystals (CNC, oil palm empty fruit bunch)","entity_group":"cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)","entity_class":"nanocellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"93.0","unit":"%","value_reported":"93","unit_reported":"%","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD, Segal method","conditions":"XRD, Segal method","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal method | measurement: XRD Segal | allomorph: I | source: oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), 10% H2O2 bleaching, acid hydrolysis","doi":"10.22146/ajche.83422","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.83422","year":"2023","confidence":"high","comments":"\"Using Segal's equation, the crystallinity index of cellulose is 51.6%, CNCs bleached by 1.5%, H2O2 is 87.1%, and CNCs bleached by 10%, H2O2 is 93%.\"  — Abstract states 94.0% for the 10% H2O2 CNC; body text says 93% (minor internal inconsistency in the paper).  [Pranolo SH, et al., 2023, confidence: high]"},{"id":532,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"cellulose nanocrystals (CNC, Sansevieria trifasciata)","entity_group":"cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)","entity_class":"nanocellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"87.4","unit":"%","value_reported":"87.4","unit_reported":"%","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD, Segal method","conditions":"XRD, Segal method","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal method | measurement: XRD Segal | allomorph: I | source: Sansevieria trifasciata fibers, ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation 1.5 M, 70 C","doi":"10.3390/fib10070061","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10070061","year":"2022","confidence":"high","comments":"\"As demonstrated in Table 2, the crystallinity index of the STFs was 52.4%, while the crystallinity index values of CNCs prepared under different APS concentrations of 1.1, 1.5, and 1.9 M were 80, 87.4, and 83.4%, respectively.\"  — Optimum CNC; raw Sansevieria fiber was 52.4%.  [Indirasetyo EN, Kusmono, 2022, confidence: high]"},{"id":533,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"cellulose nanocrystals (CNC, Sansevieria trifasciata)","entity_group":"cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)","entity_class":"nanocellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"80.0","unit":"%","value_reported":"80","unit_reported":"%","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD, Segal method","conditions":"XRD, Segal method","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal method | measurement: XRD Segal | allomorph: I | source: Sansevieria trifasciata fibers, APS oxidation 1.1 M","doi":"10.3390/fib10070061","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10070061","year":"2022","confidence":"high","comments":"\"...the crystallinity index values of CNCs prepared under different APS concentrations of 1.1, 1.5, and 1.9 M were 80, 87.4, and 83.4%, respectively.\"  — CNC at 1.1 M APS.  [Indirasetyo EN, Kusmono, 2022, confidence: high]"},{"id":534,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"cellulose nanocrystals (CNC, ramie)","entity_group":"ramie","entity_class":"nanocellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"90.77","unit":"%","value_reported":"90.77","unit_reported":"%","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD, Segal method (I_22.5 vs I_18-19)","conditions":"XRD, Segal method (I_22.5 vs I_18-19)","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal method (I_22.5 vs I_18-19) | measurement: XRD Segal | allomorph: I | source: ramie fibers, 58% H2SO4 hydrolysis, 45 C 30 min","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05486","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05486","year":"2020","confidence":"high","comments":"\"The crystallinity index of CNCs prepared at various temperatures of 45, 55, and 65 C was 90.77, 87.99, and 80.32%, respectively.\"  — Highest CNC value; untreated ramie 79.75%, purified cellulose 86.68%.  [Kusmono, Listyanda RF, Wildan MW, 2020, confidence: high]"},{"id":535,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"cellulose nanocrystals (CNC, ramie)","entity_group":"ramie","entity_class":"nanocellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"80.32","unit":"%","value_reported":"80.32","unit_reported":"%","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD, Segal method","conditions":"XRD, Segal method","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal method | measurement: XRD Segal | allomorph: I | source: ramie fibers, 58% H2SO4 hydrolysis, 65 C","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05486","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05486","year":"2020","confidence":"high","comments":"\"The crystallinity index of CNCs prepared at various temperatures of 45, 55, and 65 C was 90.77, 87.99, and 80.32%, respectively.\"  — CNC at 65 C hydrolysis (over-hydrolysis reduces CrI).  [Kusmono, Listyanda RF, Wildan MW, 2020, confidence: high]"},{"id":536,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"ramie cellulose (purified, pre-CNC)","entity_group":"ramie","entity_class":"native cellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"79.75","unit":"%","value_reported":"79.75","unit_reported":"%","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD, Segal method","conditions":"XRD, Segal method","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal method | measurement: XRD Segal | allomorph: I | source: untreated ramie fibers","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05486","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05486","year":"2020","confidence":"high","comments":"\"the crystallinity index of untreated ramie fibers and CPS were 79.75 and 86.68, respectively.\"  — Native ramie fiber; chemically purified cellulose (CPS) = 86.68%.  [Kusmono, Listyanda RF, Wildan MW, 2020, confidence: high]"},{"id":537,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"cellulose nanocrystals (CNC, Egyptian extra-long cotton)","entity_group":"cotton","entity_class":"nanocellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"80.0","unit":"%","value_reported":"80","unit_reported":"%","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD, Segal empirical method","conditions":"XRD, Segal empirical method","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal empirical method | measurement: XRD Segal | allomorph: I | source: Egyptian extra-long-staple cotton (G.88), 60% H2SO4","doi":"10.21608/joese.2019.158397","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.21608/joese.2019.158397","year":"2019","confidence":"high","comments":"\"the CrI of CNCe was higher than that obtained from CNCm, which was calculated from CNCe and CNCm to be, 80%, 75% respectively using Segal's empirical method (Segal et al. 1959).\"  — CNCe from extra-long-staple cotton.  [Shaheen TI, El-Gammal MS, Ibrahim HM, 2019, confidence: high]"},{"id":538,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"cellulose nanocrystals (CNC, Upland medium-staple cotton)","entity_group":"cotton","entity_class":"nanocellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"75.0","unit":"%","value_reported":"75","unit_reported":"%","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD, Segal empirical method","conditions":"XRD, Segal empirical method","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal empirical method | measurement: XRD Segal | allomorph: I | source: Upland medium-staple cotton (BF FK37), 60% H2SO4","doi":"10.21608/joese.2019.158397","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.21608/joese.2019.158397","year":"2019","confidence":"high","comments":"\"the CrI of CNCe was higher than that obtained from CNCm, which was calculated from CNCe and CNCm to be, 80%, 75% respectively using Segal's empirical method (Segal et al. 1959).\"  — CNCm from medium-staple cotton.  [Shaheen TI, El-Gammal MS, Ibrahim HM, 2019, confidence: high]"},{"id":539,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW, bleached eucalyptus pulp)","entity_group":"cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)","entity_class":"nanocellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"77.6","unit":"%","value_reported":"77.6","unit_reported":"%","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD, Segal method II","conditions":"XRD, Segal method II","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal method II | measurement: XRD Segal (method II) | allomorph: I | source: bleached eucalyptus pulp, maleic acid hydrolysis + mechanical fibrillation (M1-1P)","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2020.565084","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.565084","year":"2020","confidence":"high","comments":"\"Segal II CrI for M1-1P (77.6%) and M1-3P (74.0%) are lower than that reported for CNCs (81%) produced from concentrated oxalic acid hydrolysis of the same BEP\"  — M1-1P sample. M1-3P = 74.0% by same method.  [Wang Q, Zhu JY, Ma Q, et al., 2020, confidence: high]"},{"id":540,"dataset":"cellulose","entity":"cellulose nanocrystals (CNC, cotton balls)","entity_group":"cotton","entity_class":"nanocellulose","property":"crystallinity index","property_key":"crystallinity_index","value":"77.6","unit":"%","value_reported":"77.6","unit_reported":"%","method":"Experiment","method_detail":"XRD, Segal method (I_200 at 2theta=22.7, I_am at 2theta=18)","conditions":"XRD, Segal method (I_200 at 2theta=22.7, I_am at 2theta=18)","conditions_detail":"XRD, Segal method (I_200 at 2theta=22.7, I_am at 2theta=18) | measurement: XRD Segal | allomorph: I | source: cotton balls, 64% H2SO4 hydrolysis","doi":"10.4038/josuk.v16i1.8075","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.4038/josuk.v16i1.8075","year":"2023","confidence":"high","comments":"\"According to the Segal crystallinity index equation, the crystallinity index (CrI) of the extracted cellulose nanocrystal sample was respectively calculated to be 77.6%\"  — Cotton-derived CNC.  [Samarawickrama SM, Wijayapala UAS, Fernando MAS, 2023, confidence: high]"}]}